Human Trafficking and Grape Pickers

A ruling handed down on Monday, July 21, 2025, by the Court of Châlons-en-Champagne has since been making headlines in French newspapers and blogs. The ruling deserves our attention for several reasons.

In short, during the grape harvest in the Champagne region in September 2023, in Nesle-le-Repons, located southwest of Reims, the Labor Inspectorate found that 𝟓𝟕 𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐝, majority, from Africa to Europe (Malí, Senegal, Mauritania) and the flight to France𝐚 𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐮 𝐜𝐚𝐳𝐚𝐭̦𝐢 𝐢̂𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭̦𝐢𝐢 𝐢𝐧𝐬𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐛𝐫𝐞 (mattresses placed directly on the floor, makeshift showers with very little hot water, faulty electrical wiring). The inspection had been prompted by neighbors of the location where the workers were housed.

The victims stated that they worked at a grueling pace, under threat, often up to 10 hours a day, with only a short break in the middle of the day, without protective gear, with far too little water (despite the heat wave), and with insufficient and sometimes unfit food, being transported daily crammed into windowless vehicles.

Most of the workers did not receive any pay for their work, and a few received amounts that were paltry compared to the hours they worked. They stated that they had been promised a daily wage of 80 euros (a wage that was, in any case, below the legal minimum wage at the time).

ANAVIM (the service provider) and its director have been charged with 𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐢 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭̦𝐢𝐮𝐧𝐢 (failure to comply with the requirements of the𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑙 𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢):

– human trafficking

– substandard living conditions

– undeclared work

– hiring employees without work permits

– non-existent or insufficient compensation

Two other individuals who helped recruit workers have been charged with human trafficking.

In addition, a wine cooperative in the Marne department was prosecuted for employing, as a legal entity, individuals who were working without proper documentation.

At the first hearing on March 26, 2025 (a year and a half after the facts were discovered), the case was adjourned until June 19, 2025, as the-a 𝐣𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐭 𝐢̂𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐞 𝟗-23 in-house “𝐚 𝐜𝐚̆𝐫𝐞𝐢 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐬̦𝐭𝐞 𝐦𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐚̆ 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐚̆,” the Prosecutor’s Office states in its press release.

As I mentioned, the court’s decision was handed down on July 21, 2025.

𝐓𝐨𝐭̦𝐢 𝐢𝐧𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐩𝐚𝐭̦𝐢𝐢 𝐚𝐮 𝐟𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐚𝐦𝐧𝐚𝐭̦𝐢, as follows (𝑎𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑡̦𝑖𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, the problem is that𝑎 𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒, 𝑚𝑎𝑖 𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑖𝑙𝑒):

The company's director received:

• 𝐨 𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐞𝐚𝐩𝐬𝐚̆ 𝐝𝐞 𝟒 𝐚𝐧𝐢 𝐝𝐞 𝐢̂𝐧𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐨𝐚𝐫𝐞, of which 2 years are suspended, with the arrest warrant postponed (until August 4, 2025) and provisional enforcement (i.e., prior to the appeal);

• a fine of 20,000 euros;

• a permanent ban on managing any business entity;

• a five-year ban on owning or carrying weapons;

• confiscation of the property where the events took place (𝑖̂𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑝 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑖̂𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑎̆𝑡̦𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒).

A fine was imposed on ANAVIM, as well as the publication of the conviction.

The other two individuals received prison sentences of 2 or 3 years, part of which were suspended, with no possibility of deferral or adjustment (conversion to alternative measures), fines of 3,000–5,000 euros, a ban on residing in the Marne department for 5 years, and a ban on possessing or carrying weapons for 5 years.

The cooperative was fined 75,000 euros (the prosecutor had sought a fine of 200,000 euros) and was ordered to publish the decision (provisional enforcement).

Each victim will receive 4,000 euros from the defendants. The victims’ lawyer said: “𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑎̆, which has led to the loss of𝑟𝑢𝑙 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑟, combined with the car's engine 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑗𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠̦𝑖 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒. 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑒 𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎̆ 𝑖̂𝑛 the framework of the𝑎𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑖̂𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑖𝑢𝑙 𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑖.”

Also, for the first time in a trial related to the issue of grape pickers, the Champagne Committee—which represents 16,200 winegrowers, 130 cooperatives, and 370 wineries—served as a civil party. Other civil parties included the League of Human Rights, the Marne Departmental Union of the CGT, the National Agri-Food and Forestry Federation of the CGT, the Inter-Union CGT of Champagne Employees in Reims and its defined region, the MSA Île-de-France, as well as the Committee Against Modern Slavery and the General Confederation of Labor.

The CGT in Champagne was dissatisfied, 𝐢̂𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐮𝐜𝐚̂𝐭 𝐚𝐫 𝐟𝐢 𝐝𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐭 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐠𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐭𝐞𝐢 (since I don't have a full 𝐩𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐮 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐚 𝐬̦𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐢).

Watch this: Four people who were harvesting grapes in the region died during the 2023 harvest, a year marked by an exceptionally hot September. A contracting company and its manager will stand trial on November 26, also in Châlons-en-Champagne, on suspicion of housing approximately 40 Ukrainians in degrading conditions during that same harvest.

I would like to thank Professor François-Guy Trébulle for bringing this decision to my attention and for his very insightful commentary:

“In this exhibition, we𝑟𝑎̆ 𝑠𝑒 𝑔𝑎̆𝑠𝑒𝑠̦𝑡𝑒 𝑜 𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎̆ 𝑎 𝑓𝑎𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑖 𝑐𝑎̆ 𝑣𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡̦𝑎 𝑛𝑢 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖 𝑢𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑥, 𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖 𝑜 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑎̆ 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎̂𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟in the graph: in the fact of a single 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑒, which is included in the 𝑟𝑎̆𝑢 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙, in fact,𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖̂𝑛𝑐𝑎̆𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑖̂𝑛 𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡̦𝑖𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒, 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑣 𝑖̂𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑡̦𝑎, I don’t know if I’ll have that𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑙𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑎 𝑖̂𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑒.

𝐼̂𝑛𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑛𝑒 𝑖̂𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒 “𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑒” 𝑖̂𝑛 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑗𝑏𝑎 “𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎̆𝑡̦𝑖𝑖”, 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑎̆ 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑚 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑢 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑗𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑠̦𝑖 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡̦𝑎 𝑖̂𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑡̦𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑐 𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑎̂𝑖 𝑠̦𝑖 𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑧𝑎̆ 𝑝𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑎 𝑑𝑒-𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑎, pre-calculate the total cost𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑢𝑖𝑒 𝑠𝑎̆ 𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑒𝑧𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑗𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑎 𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎̆𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑒.

𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠̦𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎̆, 𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑢 𝑖̂𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, I’m looking for a social𝑡̦𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑓𝑖 𝑝𝑢𝑠𝑎̆ 𝑖̂𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑢𝑡̦𝑖𝑒 𝑖̂𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑡̦𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑒𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑖𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑜 𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑎̆ 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎̆ 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑡𝑎̆𝑡̦𝑖𝑖 𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑜𝑣𝑎𝑑𝑎̆ 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑝𝑠𝑎̆ 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡̦𝑎̆ 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒, 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑎, 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎̆.”

***

Thank you to Professor François-Guy Trébulle for bringing this ruling to our attention and for his excellent commentary:

”𝐼𝑙 𝑦 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑐𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒́𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑛’𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑛 𝑙𝑢𝑥𝑒 𝑛𝑖 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠 : 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎̀ 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑢𝑐𝑢𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑎𝑐̧𝑜𝑛𝑠, 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎̀ 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑢𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑖̂𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑢𝑟 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒́𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒́, 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑛 𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, he has the necessary skills𝑟 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑝ℎ𝑒́𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒̀𝑛𝑒𝑠.

𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝑠’𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟 𝑙𝑎 “simplification” 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑎 “𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑒́𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑒́”, 𝑖𝑙 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑒́𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑠 𝑛𝑒́𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑒́𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒́ 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑠, 𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒-𝑚𝑒̂𝑚𝑒, 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑢𝑥 𝑞𝑢𝑖 𝑚𝑒́𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑒̀𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑒𝑡 𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑢𝑥 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜̂𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑒 𝑎̀ 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑒́𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠.

𝐿𝑒 𝑗𝑢𝑔𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒 𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡, 𝑎𝑢-𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎̀ 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛, 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙’𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑒̂𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒́𝑡𝑒́𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑢𝑡 𝑒̂𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒́𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑒𝑡 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎̀ 𝑢𝑛𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑝𝑒́𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑞𝑢𝑒́ 𝑑𝑒 𝑣𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒́𝑔𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑒̀𝑠 𝑠“